Dos concentraciones de ketofol en anestesia total intravenosa para cirugía mínimamente invasiva / Tow concentrations of ketofol in total intravenous anesthesia for minimally invasive surgery

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha iniciado un interés especial por la combinación de ketamina/propofol para pacientes intervenidos por procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de la anestesia intravenosa total con ketofol en concentración 1:4 contra la concentración 1:2 en pacientes intervenidos por cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Métodos: Estudio analítico, cuasiexperimental, prospectivo y longitudinal, en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García entre diciembre de 2019 a diciembre de 2020, en 30 pacientes divididos en dos grupos de 15 pacientes: grupo estudio (GE): Ketofol 1:4 y grupo control (GC): Ketofol 1:2. Se analizaron: tensión arterial media y frecuencia cardiaca intra operatoria, grado de hipnosis, grado de nocicepción, necesidad de rescate para hipnosis y analgesia, tiempo de recuperación anestésica, analgesia posoperatoria y efectos adversos. Resultados: Entre los grupos fueron similares la edad, el sexo, el peso, estado físico y tipo de intervención quirúrgica. La frecuencia cardiaca no mostró diferencias entre los grupos. En relación a la tensión arterial mediapos-incisión, fue mayor en el grupo control con diferencias significativas (p=0,03). La necesidad de rescate intraoperatorio para la hipnosis y analgesia fue significativamente mayor en el grupo control. Con respecto a la recuperación anestésica, analgesia posoperatoria y efectos adversos no hubo diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: La combinación ketofol resultó segura y efectiva para proveer una adecuada anestesia en procedimientos quirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos con tiempos quirúrgicos menores a 30 min. La concentración de 1:4 brindó mejor estabilidad hemodinámica, adecuada hipnosis y analgesia intraoperatoria, con menor incidencia de efectos adversos(AU)

Introduction: In recent years, a special interest has appeared in the ketamine/propofol combination for patients intervened by minimally invasive procedures. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of total intravenous anesthesia with ketofol at 1:4 concentration versus 1:2 concentration in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery. Methods: An analytical, quasiexperimental, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out at General Calixto García University Hospital, between December 2019 and December 2020, with thirty patients divided into two groups of fifteen patients each: study group (SG; ketofol 1:4) and control group (CG; ketofol 1:2). The following aspects were analyzed: mean blood pressure and intraoperative cardiac frequency, degree of hypnosis, degree of nociception, necessity of rescue for hypnosis and analgesia, anesthetic recovery time, postoperative analgesia and adverse effects. Results: Age, sex, weight, physical condition and type of surgery were similar between groups. Heart rate showed no differences between groups. Mean blood pressure after incision was higher in the control group, with significant differences (P=0.03). The necessity of intraoperative rescue for hypnosis and analgesia was significantly higher in the control group. Regarding anesthetic recovery, postoperative analgesia and adverse effects, there were no significant differences. Conclusion: The ketofol combination was safe and effective for providing adequate anesthesia in minimally invasive surgical procedures with surgical times of less than thirty minutes. The 1:4 concentration provided better hemodynamic stability, adequate hypnosis and intraoperative analgesia, with lower incidence of adverse effects(AU)

Efficacy of opioids and non-opioid analgesics in the treatment of post procedure pain of burned patients: a narrative review

Abstract Introduction Burns are a common trauma that cause acute severe pain in up to 80% of patients. The objective of this narrative review is to evaluate the efficacy of opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, gabapentinoids, ketamine, and lidocaine in the treatment of acute pain in burn victims. Methodology The databases explored were PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials, and OpenGrey. The included randomized, controlled clinical trials assessed the analgesic efficacy of these drugs on hospitalized patients, had no age limit, patients were in the acute phase of the burn injury and were compared to placebo or other analgesic drugs. Studies describing deep sedation, chronic opioid use, chronic pain, and patients taken to reconstructive surgeries were excluded. The Jadad scale was used to evaluate quality. Results Six randomized controlled clinical trials (397 patients) that evaluated the analgesic efficacy of fentanyl (n = 2), nalbuphine (n = 1), ketamine (n = 1), gabapentin (n = 1), and lidocaine (n = 1) to treat post-procedural pain were included. Fentanyl, nalbuphine, and ketamine were effective, while lidocaine was associated with a slight increase in reported pain and gabapentin showed no significant differences. Two studies were of high quality, one was of medium high quality, and three were of low quality. No studies on the efficacy of NSAIDs or paracetamol were found. Conclusion Evidence of efficacy is very limited. Fentanyl, nalbuphine, and ketamine seem to be effective for controlling acute pain in burn patients, whereas gabapentin and lidocaine did not show any efficacy.

Tratamiento del trastorno depresivo en adolescentes: revisión bibliográfica / Treatment of depressive disorder in adolescents: literature review

El trastorno depresivo en adolescentes es un diagnóstico en aumento que se ha asociado con una alta incidencia de patologías psiquiátricas en la adultez, con repercusiones en los resultados educativos, vocacionales, relaciones interpersonales, salud y bienestar físico y mental. Por lo tanto, es crucial el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento adecuado. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica fue analizar las alternativas terapéuticas tanto farmacológicas como no farmacológicas disponibles. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en PubMed de artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años y en Google Scholar desde el 2018. Los resultados sugieren que la terapia cognitivo conductual sigue siendo la intervención de primera línea con mayor respaldo de evidencia. Sin embargo, se observa que actividades como la actividad física, intervenciones psicoeducativas, estimulación magnética transcraneal, musicoterapia, yoga, biorretroalimentación, terapia del bosque, terapia basada en el arte e intervenciones digitales también han demostrado alivio de los síntomas en medida heterogénea. En cuanto al tratamiento farmacológico, los antidepresivos son la terapia de primera línea, siendo la fluoxetina y el escitalopram los más respaldados por la evidencia. Esta revisión destaca el interés en investigar el uso de otros fármacos como la lamotrigina y la ketamina, aunque la evidencia es incipiente y se requieren más ensayos controlados aleatorizados para determinar su efectividad.

Depressive disorder in adolescents is a diagnosis that has been increasing and is associated with a high incidence of psychiatric pathologies in adulthood, impacting educational and vocational outcomes, interpersonal relationships, as well as physical and mental well-being. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial in addressing these issues. The objective of this bibliographic review was to examine available pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic alternatives. The review involved a search on PubMed for articles published in the last 5 years and on Google Scholar since 2018. The available evidence suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy remains the first-line intervention with the most support. However, physical activity, psychoeducational interventions, transcranial magnetic stimulation, music therapy, yoga, biofeedback, forest therapy, art-based therapy, and digital interventions have shown varying degrees of symptom relief. In terms of pharmacological treatment, antidepressants, particularly fluoxetine and escitalopram, are considered the first-line therapy based on the strongest evidence. The review also highlights the interest in exploring the use of other drugs such as lamotrigine and ketamine. However, more randomized controlled trials are needed to establish their effectiveness conclusively.

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com cetamina racêmica ou dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas / [Continuous intravenous anesthesia with racemic ketamine or dextroketamine and detomidine in female dogs]

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar a associação de detomidina e cetamina ou dextrocetamina, por via intravenosa contínua, em oito cadelas submetidas a dois protocolos: GCD - indução anestésica com 5mg/kg e infusão intravenosa contínua de 20mg/kg/h de cetamina; e GDD - indução com 3,5mg/kg e infusão de 14mg/kg/h de dextrocetamina. Associou-se detomidina, 30µg/kg/h, em ambos os grupos. Registraram-se frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura (TC), miorrelaxamento, analgesia, hemogasometria e eletrocardiograma, antes e 15 minutos após a MPA (Mbasal e Mmpa); após o início da infusão (Mic); a cada 10 minutos até 90 minutos (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 e M90); e 30 minutos após o fim da infusão (M120). Foi observada bradicardia em Mmpa no GCD e de Mmpa a M10 no GDD. Ocorreu hipotensão em Mmpa e hipertensão a partir de Mic. A f diminuiu de M10 a M30. Foram observados: onda T de alta amplitude, bloqueios atrioventriculares e parada sinusal. Ocorreu acidose respiratória. O período de recuperação foi de 219,6±72,3 minutos no GCD e de 234,1±96,8 minutos no GDD. A cetamina e a dextrocetamina, associadas à detomidina por infusão contínua, causam efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e anestésicos similares.(AU)

The combination of detomidine and ketamine or dextrocetamine for continuous intravenous infusion was compared in eight female dogs submitted to two protocols: GCD - 5mg/kg of anesthetic induction and continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine 20mg/kg/h; and GDD - induction with 3.5mg/kg and infusion of 14mg/kg/h of dextrocetamine. Detomidine, 30µg/kg/h was associated in both groups. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature (CT), myorelaxation, analgesia, blood gas analysis and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 minutes after MPA (Mbasal and Mmpa); after the start of infusion (Mic); every 10 minutes to 90 minutes (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 and M90); and 30 minutes after the end of infusion (M120). Bradycardia was observed in Mmpa in GCD and from Mmpa to M10 in GDD. There was hypotension in Mmpa and hypertension from Mic. The RR decreased from M10 to M30. High amplitude T wave, atrioventricular blocks and sinus arrest were observed. Respiratory acidosis occurred. The recovery period was 219.6±72.3 minutes in GCD and 234.1±96.8 minutes in GDD. Ketamine and S+ ketamine associated with detomidine for continuous infusion cause cardiorespiratory and similar anesthetic effects.(AU)

Experiencia en sedoanalgesia vinculada a procedimientos en un departamento de emergencia pediátrica / Experience in procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatrics emergency unit / Experiência em sedação e analgesia ligada a procedimentos em um departamento de emergência pediátrica

Resumen: Introducción: la realización de procedimientos dolorosos es cada vez más frecuente en el área de urgencias pediátricas. El control del dolor, mitigar el temor y la ansiedad es una pieza clave en la atención del paciente pediátrico y una de las prioridades del médico emergencista. Objetivo: describir la experiencia en sedoanalgesia con ketamina y fentanilo como único fármaco o asociados a otros para procedimientos dolorosos en el Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrica (DEP) del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Material y método: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Período: enero de 2011 a julio de 2016. Población: todos los pacientes que recibieron sedoanalgesia con ketamina o fentanilo (solos o asociado a otros fármacos) para realización de procedimientos dolorosos en el DEP-CHPR. Base de datos: historias clínicas. Se midió la eficacia mediante el éxito del procedimiento y la seguridad por la presencia de efectos adversos vinculados a la misma. Resultados: n=352, menores de 15 años; 96 recibieron ketamina y 256 recibieron fentanilo. Media de edad: 7 años, sexo masculino: 245. Dosis media de ketamina 1 mg/kg. Dosis media de fentanilo 1 ɤ/kg. Principales indicaciones de sedoanalgesia: procedimientos ortopédicos (264), toracocentesis (62). Procedimiento con éxito: 352 pacientes. Monitorización cardiovascular y saturometría durante el procedimiento: 100%. Efectos adversos: seis (no requiriendo maniobras de soporte vital avanzado). Ningún paciente cambió su destino final. Conclusiones: la utilización de sedoanalgesia resultó eficaz y segura realizada por el pediatra emergencista capacitado en el manejo farmacológico y de soporte vital avanzado. La monitorización del procedimiento durante y luego de éste es necesaria para pesquisar y resolver precozmente las complicaciones.

Summary: Introduction: painful procedures are gradually increasing frequency in pediatrics emergency units. Controlling pain and mitigating fear and anxiety are of the essence when assisting pediatric patients and one of the priorities of emergency doctors. Objective: to describe using sedoanalgesia with ketamine and fentanyl as the only drug or associated with other drugs during painful procedures, at the Pediatrics Emergency Unit, of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. Method: descriptive, retrospective study from January 2011 to July 2016. Population: all patients who received sedoanalgesia with ketamine and fentanyl (as the only drug or associated with other drugs) during painful procedures at the Pediatrics Emergency Unit, of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. Database: medical records. Effectiveness was measured by success of the procedure and safety in terms of adverse effects in connection with it. Results: N=352 children younger than 15 years old. 96 received ketamine and 256 received fentanyl. Average age was 7 years old and 245 of them were boys. Average dose of ketamine was 1 mg/kg, average dose of fentanyl was 1 ɤ/kg. Main indications for sedoanalgesia included: orthopaedic procedures (264), thoracentesis (62). Procedures were successful in 352 patients. 100% of cases involved cardiovascular monitoring and blood oxygen saturation meter. Adverse effects: 6 (no advanced life support manoeuvres required). No patient changed final destination. Conclusions: the use of sedoanalgesia was effective and safe, when applied by emergengy pediatricians qualified in the handling of drugs and advanced life support. Monitoring during and after procedure is required to determine and solve complications at an early stage.

Resumo Introdução: a realização de procedimentos dolorosos é cada vez mais frequente na área de emergência pediátrica. Controlar a dor, mitigar o medo e a ansiedade é um elemento-chave no atendimento ao paciente pediátrico e uma das prioridades do médico de emergência. Objetivo: descrever a experiência em sedação e analgesia com ketamina e fentanil como fármaco único ou associado a outros para procedimentos dolorosos, no Serviço de Emergência Pediátrica (DEP) do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell (CHPR) Material e métodos: estudo descritivo retrospectivo. Período: janeiro de 2011 a julho de 2016. População: todos os pacientes que receberam sedação e analgesia com ketamina ou fentanil (isoladamente ou em combinação com outras drogas) para realização de procedimentos dolorosos no DEP-CHPR. Banco de dados: prontuários médicos. A eficácia foi medida pelo sucesso do procedimento e a segurança pela presença de efeitos adversos associados. Resultados: n = 352 crianças menores de 15 anos. 96 receberam ketamina e 256 receberam fentanil. Idade média: 7 anos, sexo masculino: 245. Dose média de ketamina 1 mg / kg. Dose média de fentanil 1 ɤ/kg. Principais indicações para sedação e analgesia: procedimentos ortopédicos (264), toracocentese (62). Procedimento com sucesso: 352 pacientes. Monitorização cardiovascular e oximetria durante o procedimento: 100%. Efeitos adversos: 6 (não requer manobras de suporte avançado de vida). Nenhum paciente mudou seu destino final. Conclusões: o uso da sedação e analgesia foi eficaz e seguro realizado por pediatra de emergência capacitado em manejo farmacológico e suporte avançado de vida. O monitoramento do procedimento durante e após é necessário para investigar e resolver precocemente as complicações.

Síndrome de dolor crónico postmastectomía: ¿qué podemos hacer en el período perioperatorio para disminuir su incidencia? / Postmastectomy chronic pain syndrome: what can we do to reduce the incidence?

El síndrome de dolor crónico postmastectomía es frecuente en pacientes sometidas a cirugía por cáncer de mamas, llegando a ser invalidante en casos severos. Existen distintos factores de riesgo para que éste se presente, siendo el dolor agudo postoperatorio el único en el cual podemos intervenir. La importancia de implementar estrategias de prevención en el periodo perioperatorio es fundamental. En la mantención de la anestesia general, la utilización de propofol se asocia con menor incidencia de dolor agudo postoperatorio. El uso de anestésicos locales, ya sea por vía tópica, subcutánea y sistémica, ha demostrado su beneficio para disminuir el dolor agudo. No obstante, solo el uso tópico y endovenoso ha sido útil para reducir el dolor hasta 3 meses postcirugía. Técnicas de analgesia regional, como el bloqueo PEC I y II, bloqueo paravertebral y bloqueo del erector de la espina han demostrado ser útiles para reducir el dolor agudo; pero solo el bloqueo paravertebral ha demostrado su utilidad en reducir el dolor hasta 1 año postcirugía. El uso de gabapentina, pregabalina y ketamina desde el periodo preoperatorio disminuyen la incidencia de dolor agudo postoperatorio. En tanto, la venlafaxina y dexmedetomidina demostraron su utilidad para reducir el dolor crónico.

Postmastectomy chronic pain syndrome is common in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer, becoming invalidating in severe cases. There are different risk factors for this to occur, with acute post-operative pain being the only one in which we can intervene. The importance of implementing prevention strategies in the perioperative period is essential. In the maintenance of general anesthesia, the use of propofol is associated with a lower incidence of acute post-operative pain. The use of local anesthetics, whether topically, subcutaneously and systemically, has shown its benefit in reducing acute pain. However, only topical and endovenous use has been useful to reduce pain up to 3 months after surgery. Regional analgesia techniques, such as PEC I and II block, paravertebral block, and spinal erector block have been shown to reduce acute pain; but only the paravertebral block has shown its usefulness in reducing pain up to 1 year after surgery. The use of gabapentin, pregabalin and ketamine from the preoperative period reduce the incidence of acute postoperative pain. Meanwhile, venlafaxine and dexmedetomidine proved useful in reducing chronic pain.

Efectividad de la ketamina y el sulfato de magnesio en pacientes con temblor posanestesia subaracnoidea / Effectiveness of ketamine and magnesium sulfate in patients with shaking after subarachnoid anesthesia

Introducción: El temblor es frecuente. Además de agravar el dolor, aumenta la demanda metabólica y el consumo de oxígeno; varios fármacos son utilizados para eliminarlo. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de la ketamina y el sulfato de magnesio en pacientes con temblor posanestesia subaracnoidea. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cuasi-experimental de 394 pacientes, quienes se encontraban bajo anestesia espinal de forma electiva, atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde septiembre de 2016 hasta igual periodo de 2018. Se dividieron en 2 grupos aleatorios con 197 integrantes cada uno: A (ketamina 0,4 mg/kg) y B (sulfato de magnesio 50 mg/kg), a los cuales se le suministraron los medicamentos una vez iniciado el temblor. Resultados: En ambos grupos predominaron los pacientes de 45-64 años de edad. Hubo homogeneidad entre hombres y mujeres, sin significación estadística (p= 0,5378). La mayoría de los afectados se encontraban en el grupo de riesgo anestésico II (88,1 %). En los 2 grupos primó del grado III del temblor antes de la terapia, solo 3,5 % del grupo B a los 30 minutos mantuvo igual condición. En los primeros 10 minutos de suministrar el sulfato de magnesio despareció el temblor en la mayoría de los pacientes (74,5 %). Dicho fármaco resultó efectivo en 83,8 % de los afectados y en aquellos que recibieron ketamina fue de 42,1 %, ambos sin efectos secundarios. Conclusiones: La incidencia del temblor fue alta. La ketamina y el sulfato de magnesio fueron efectivos al permitir la desaparición del temblor en un corto periodo de tiempo, pero el segundo fármaco superó al primero en magnitud considerable.

Introduction: The shaking is frequent. Besides increasing the pain, it increases the metabolic demand and the oxygen consumption; several drugs are used to eliminate it. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of ketamine and magnesium sulfate in patients with shaking after subarachnoid anesthesia. Methods: A quasi-experimental investigation of 394 patients who received spinal anesthesia in an elective way, assisted at Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from September, 2016 to the same period in 2018. They were divided in 2 random groups with 197 members each one: A (ketamine 0.4 mg/kg) and B (magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg), to whom the medications were given once shaking began. Results: In both groups the 45-64 years patients prevailed. There was homogeneity between men and women, without statistical significance (p = 0.5378). Most of those affected were in the group of anesthetic risk II (88.1 %). In the 2 groups the degree III of shaking before therapy prevailed, just 3.5 % in group B maintained the same condition at 30 minutes. In the first 10 minutes of giving the magnesium sulfate shaking disappeared in most of the patients (74.5 %). This drug was effective in 83.8 % of those affected and in those that received ketamine it was of 42.1 %, both without side effects. Conclusions: The incidence of shaking was high. The ketamine and magnesium sulfate were effective when allowing the disappearance of shaking in a short period of time, but the second drug overcame the first one in a considerable magnitude.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada em 29 de julho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted on July 29, 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referentes ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 16 artigos e 3 protocolos.

Perioperatorio y recurrencia oncológica: reto actual en la práctica anestésica / Perioperative and cancer relapse: a challenge in current anesthetic practice

Introducción: El cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en el mundo y en Cuba. Su estrategia de tratamiento implica fármacos oncoespecíficos y cirugía; y diariamente aumentan los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente lo que conlleva a un periodo perioperatorio y la administración de múltiples medicamentos anestésicos. Objetivo: Describir los principales factores relacionados con la anestesia que, durante el perioperatorio, influyen en la recurrencia oncológica. Desarrollo: El estrés quirúrgico y la anestesia general, con la subsecuente respuesta neuroendocrina e inflamatoria, por sí mismos, limitan la respuesta inmune y alteran el balance entre el potencial metastásico del tumor y antimetastásico de las defensas, lo cual representa un mecanismo plausible en el incremento de las metástasis y recurrencia oncológica. Conclusiones: La proliferación del cáncer y recidiva tumoral en el contexto quirúrgico asociado a la anestesia, es un tema relativamente nuevo y por tanto es necesario realizar estudios con mayor alcance que validen este fenómeno. No obstante, el efecto inmunosupresor que produce el estrés perioperatorio, fármacos anestésicos como opioides y halogenados pueden ser la clave para explicar este fenómeno. La anestesia general endovenosa total libre de opioides y adecuada analgesia regional contribuyen a disminuir este efecto(AU)

Introduction: Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide and in Cuba. Its treatment strategy involves oncospecific drugs and surgery. Every day, the number of patients who undergo surgery increases, which leads to a perioperative period and the administration of multiple anesthetic medications. Objective: To describe the main factors related to anesthesia and that, during the perioperative period, influence oncological recurrence. Development: Surgical stress and general anesthesia, with the subsequent neuroendocrine and inflammatory response, by themselves, limit the immune response and alter the balance between the metastatic potential of the tumor and the antimetastatic defense, which represents a plausible mechanism for increased metastasis and oncological relapse. Conclusions: The proliferation of cancer and tumor relapse in the surgical context associated with anesthesia is a relatively new issue and it is therefore necessary to carry out studies with greater scope that validate this phenomenon. However, the immunosuppressive effect produced by perioperative stress, as well as anesthetic drugs such as opioids and halogenated drugs, can be the key to explaining this phenomenon. Total intravenous opioid-free general anesthesia and adequate regional analgesia contribute to diminish this effect(AU)

Receptores NMDA: fundamentos e implicaciones terapéuticas en el manejo del dolor / NMDA receptors: foundations and therapeutic implications in the management of pain

The NMDA receptors has been described in the development of acute pain and maintenance of chronic pain; the knowledge of physiological processes has led to the growing interest in NMDA receptors antagonists, demonstrating optimal analgesic results. Inhibition of NMDA receptors is an effective therapeutic alternative in the management of pain; with beneficial results in the management of acute postoperative pain, chronic and neuropathic pain. The current scientific challenge is to identify antagonists that perform a selective inhibition of receptor subunits, achieving optimal analgesic results. For this non-systemic review, a search of the available scientific evidence was made in databases (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, OVID, SciELO) through the use of keywords (Pain, NMDA receptors, antagonists, ketamine).

Los receptores NMDA han sido descritos en el desarrollo del dolor agudo y mantenimiento del dolor crónico; el conocimiento de los procesos fisiológicos ha llevado al creciente interés en los antagonistas de los receptores NMDA, demostrando resultados analgésicos óptimos. La inhibición de los receptores NMDA es una alternativa terapéutica eficaz en el manejo del dolor; con resultados benéficos en el manejo del dolor agudo postoperatorio, dolor crónico y neuropático. El reto científico actual es identificar antagonistas que realicen una inhibición selectiva de las subunidades del receptor, logrando óptimos resultados analgésicos. Para esta revisión no sistemática se realizó una búsqueda de la evidencia científica disponible en bases de datos (Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, OVID, SciELO) mediante el uso de palabras clave (dolor, receptores NMDA, antagonistas, ketamina).

Debería usarse Ketamina para el tratamiento de la agitación/delirio en el ámbito pre-hospitalario /emergencias? / Should Ketamine be used for the treatment of agitation / delirium in the pre-hospital / emergency setting?

DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA Y TECNOLOGÍAS ALTERNATIVAS: La ketamina se ha utilizado durante más de 50 años para la inducción y el mantenimiento de la anestesia. Tiene propiedades únicas, incluida la capacidad de producir analgesia profunda y amnesia mientras se mantienen reflejos de las vías respiratorias, respiración espontánea y cardiopulmonar estabilidad. Además, produce un estado cataléptico en el que los pacientes pueden tener sus ojos abiertos pero no responde a los comandos. Como tal, la ketamina se ha denominado " anestésico disociativo ". Además de su uso para anestesia, la ketamina se ha utilizado para una gran variedad de indicaciones como el manejo dolor la depresión, tendencias suicidas y más recientemente como agente alternativo para el tratamiento de agitación o delirio. La ketamina ejerce sus acciones a través de interacciones con una variedad de receptores, que incluyen bloqueo de receptores de N-metil-D-aspartato, inhibición de óxido nítrico sintasa e interacciones con múltiples receptores opioides, entre otros. La ketamina se absorbe rápidamente después de administración intramuscular (IM), intravenosa (IV) o intraósea (IO) y es altamente lipofílico, cruzando fácilmente la barrera hematoencefálica. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionó una revisión sistemática (Linder y col 2017) y se evaluó a través de la herramienta AMSTAR 2 con baja confianza. Posteriormente se realizó una búsqueda desde los años 2017 a 2019 que cumpliera con los criterios de búsqueda. Fue incluido en ensayo clínico de tipo "open label" realizado por Cole y col 2016. El mismo fue evaluado a través de la herramienta Rob-2 para valorar el riesgo de sesgo. RECOMENDACIONES Y JUICIOS: Hemos encontrado sólo un ensayo clínico de tipo "open label" que evaluó el uso de Ketamina asociado o no con benzodiacepinas frente a Haloperidol para el tratamiento del delirio o agitación en el contexto de la atención de emergencia en el ámbito pre-hospitalario. El resto de los estúdios son de tipo observacional y son heterogéneos en cuanto a pacientes, intervenciones y desenlaces. Es probable que la Ketamina sea más efectiva frente a Haloperidol para la resolución de la excitación psicomotriz o delirio en la emergencia, así como el tiempo de resolución del delirio se reduce aproximadamente a la mitad. Asimismo, la Ketamina podría no asociarse con mayor mortalidad frente a Haloperidol, hallazgo sustentado en una baja certeza por imprecisión dado el escaso número de eventos. Sin embargo, la Ketamina probablemente se asocie con mayor depresión respiratoria y necesidad de intubación frente al Haloperidol. Por otra parte, el costo directo por paciente asociado del uso de ketamina es 20 veces superior al del Haloperidol, sin tener en cuenta la mayor probabilidad de intubación orotraqueal derivada de la depresión respiratoria asociada con el uso de ketamina así como tampoco la mayor efectividad, que podría reducir el uso de otros fármacos de rescate. No existen meta-análisis en red que evalúen este uso frente al Haloperidol, así como tampoco estudios económicos que valoren el impacto en la costo-efectividad.

Ketamina para analgesia de la plexopatía lumbosacra secundaria a la reparación de un aneurisma de aorta abdominal / Ketamine for analgesia of lumbosacral plexopathy secondary to the repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm / Ketamina para analgesia da plexopatia lombossacra secundária reparar um aneurisma da aorta abdominal

Introducción. El dolor agudo posoperatorio luego de una cirugía abierta de reparación de un aneurisma de la aorta abdominal usualmente es de gran intensidad; adicionalmente, pueden presentarse complicaciones in-traoperatorias que aumentan la nocicepción. Aunque los opioides son la base del tratamiento analgésico, su utilización está limitada por el riesgo de depresión respiratoria y su potencial de abuso. La ketamina es una opción que proporciona analgesia y disminuye la utilización de opioides. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 62 años con aneurisma de la aorta abdominal a quien se le realizó reparación endovascular y por laparotomía. En el posoperatorio presentó embolismo distal con dolor se-vero que requirió explante de endoprótesis y revascularización. El dolor fue descrito como severo a insoportable, de tipo corrientazo e incidental y con alodinia plantar, disminución de la propiocepción y ausencia de pul-sos; la electromiografía reportó polineuropatía axonal de expresión mode-rada a severa con compromiso asimétrico sugestivo de lesión del plexo. Discusión. Se consideró isquemia bilateral de plexo lumbosacro y se adi-cionó ketamina en infusión (bolo=1 mg/kg más infusión 0.5 mg/kg/hora), con lo cual se obtuvo mejoría significativa sin efectos secundarios y dismi-nución de la necesidad de opioides. Conclusión. La analgesia multimodal con ketamina es útil para tratar el dolor posoperatorio en cirugía de reparación de aneurisma abdominal con reducción de las necesidades de opioides.

Introduction. acute postoperative pain after abdominal aortic aneurysm is of high intensity; intraoperative complications may occur that increase nociception. Although opioids are the basis of analgesic treatment, their use is limited by the risk of respi-ratory depression and its potential for abuse. Ketamine is an option that provides analgesia and decreases the use of opioids.Case presentation. 62-year-old male patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm who underwent endovascular and open re-pair. In the postoperative period he developed contralateral distal embolism with severe pain in the right buttock that re-quired the stent explant and new revascularization. The pain was described as severe, incidental, with plantar allodynia, de-creased proprioception and absence of pulses; electromyogra-phy reported moderate to severe axonal polyneuropathy with asymmetric compromise suggestive of plexus injury. Discussion. bilateral lumbosacral plexus ischemia was suspec-ted, and ketamine was started (bolus = 1mg / kg plus infusion 0.5 mg / kg / hour), with significant improvement. Conclusion. multimodal analgesia with ketamine is useful for postoperative analgesia in abdominal aneurysm repair surgery with improved analgesia and reduced opioid requirements.

Introdução. A dor aguda no pósoperatório após uma cirurgia aberta para reparar um aneurisma da aorta abdominal é geral-mente de grande intensidade; Alémdisso, podem ocorrer com-plicações intraoperatórias que aumentam a nocicepção. Embo-ra os opióides sejam a base do tratamento analgésico, seu uso é limitado pelo risco de depressão respiratória e seu potencial de abuso. A ketamina é uma opção que fornece analgesia e diminui o uso de opióides.Apresentação de caso. Paciente do sexo masculino, 62 anos, com aneurisma da aorta abdominal, submetido a reparo endo-vascular e laparotomia. No pós-operatório, apresentava embo-lia distal com dor intensa que exigia stent e explante de revas-cularização. A dor foi descrita como severa a insuportável, de curto prazo e incidental e com alodinia plantar, diminuição da propriocepção e ausência de pulsos; A eletromiografia relatou polineuropatia axonal moderada a grave com comprometi-mento assimétrico sugestivo de lesão do plexo.Discussão. Considerou-se isquemia bilateral do plexo lombos-sacro e a ketamina foi adicionada como infusão (bolus = 1 mg / kg mais infusão 0,5 mg / kg / hora), o que resultou em melhora significativa sem efeitos colaterais e diminuição da necessidade de opioides.Conclusão. A analgesia multimodal com ketamina é útil no tra-tamento da dor pós-operatória em cirurgias de reparo de aneu-risma abdominal com necessidade reduzida de opióides.

Evaluación del efecto sedativo del Midazolam con y sin Ketamina, por vía subcutánea, en pacientes dentales pediátricos / Evaluation of the Sedative Effect of Midazolam with and Without Ketamine, by Subcutaneous Via in Pediatric Dental Patients

Resumen El miedo y la ansiedad de los niños por el tratamiento dental pueden conducir a dificultades en el manejo de la conducta por parte del profesional, lo cual puede ser una barrera para el éxito del tratamiento dental. Los niños no cooperadores pueden necesitar recibir tratamiento dental bajo sedación, la que se indica cuando la guía de comportamiento no farmacológico no tiene éxito. Existen ensayos controlados aleatorios que comparan diferentes protocolos sedantes para procedimientos dentales; sin embargo, la evidencia de superioridad de una forma sobre otra es débil. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el efecto sedativo de Midazolam por vía subcutánea, con y sin ketamina, en procedimientos odontológicos realizados en pacientes pediátricos no cooperadores. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, cruzado, con cegamiento simple, en 13 niños (10 del género masculino y 3 del femenino) de 19 a 48 meses de edad, ASA I y comportamiento Frankl I. Los dos métodos se aplicaron en el mismo paciente, y el orden de los mismos fue asignado aleatoriamente, para las dos citas de tratamiento. En cada sesión se evaluaron: el comportamiento general del paciente, los movimientos corporales y el llanto, por medio de la escala de Houpt modificada. Además, se monitorearon la frecuencia cardíaca y la saturación de oxígeno por medio de un oxímetro de pulso.

Abstract Children's fear and anxiety about dental treatment can lead to difficulties in the behavior management by the practitioner, which can be a barrier to successful dental treatment. Non cooperative children may need dental treatment under sedation, which is indicated when the non-pharmacological behavioral guidance is unsuccessful. There are randomized controlled trials comparing different sedative protocols for dental procedures; however, evidence of superiority from one form over another is weak. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sedative effect of midazolam subcutaneously, with and without ketamine, on dental procedures performed in non-cooperative pediatric patients. A randomized, crossover clinical trial with single blinding was performed in 13 children (10 males and 3 females) from 19 to 48 months of age, ASA I and Frankl I behavior. The two methods were applied in the same patient, and the order of the same was assigned randomly, for the two treatment appointments. In each session were evaluated the patient's general behavior, body movements and crying through the modified Houpt scale. In addition, heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored by means of a pulse oximeter.

Ecocardiografia Padrão, com Strain e Strain Rate com Speckle Tracking Bidimensional em Macaco-Capuchinho (Cebus Apella, Linnaeus, 1758) / Standard Echocardiography, Strain and Strain Rate by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking in Capuchin Monkey (Cebus Apella, Linnaeus, 1758)

Introdução: O macaco-capuchinho é uma espécie de primata não humano que demonstra grande potencial para estudos pré-clínicos devido às semelhanças anatômicas e fisiológicas com os seres humanos. Objetivo: Estudar os índices de deformação miocárdica em macacos-capuchinhos anestesiados utilizando speckle tracking. Métodos: Foram utilizados dezesseis animais do Parque Zoobotânico, em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, com restrição química, utilizando uma combinação de cetamina e midazolam. Os estudos ecocardiográficos foram obtidos nos modos B, M e Doppler, medindo-se strain e strain rate através de speckle tracking. Resultados: As variáveis que apresentaram coeficientes de correlação estatisticamente significativos em relação ao peso foram a parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo em diástole (PLVEd), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo em diástole (DIVEd), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo em sístole (DIVEs), onda E, A'VD, movimento do anel mitral (MAM) e excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE). A frequência cardíaca (FC) mostrou correlação positiva com a onda E e a onda A e correlação negativa com o tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV). A fração de encurtamento (FS) apresentou correlação positiva com a razão entre as ondas E e A (r = 0,61). TAPSE mostrou correlações positivas com E'VD e A'VD. Os valores obtidos para o strain circunferencial (-18,17 ± 4,68%), radial (47,13 ± 5,24%) e longitudinal (-26,46 ± 5,155%) para os macacos-capuchinhos estavam dentro dos intervalos normais para machos e fêmeas. Conclusão: O presente estudo fornece os primeiros valores de referência para medidas ecocardiográficas em modos B, M e Doppler para macacos-capuchinhos anestesiados com cetamina e midazolam. Os valores de strain e strain rate obtidos utilizando a técnica de speckle tracking mostraram-se semelhantes aos obtidos em seres humanos, sugerindo que esta ferramenta pode ser explorada em estudos pré-clínicos utilizando o modelo do macaco-capuchinho

Introduction: The capuchin monkey is a type of nonhuman primate that has shown great potential for preclinical studies because of its anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. Objective: To study the indices of myocardial deformation in anesthetized capuchin monkeys using speckle tracking. Methods: Sixteen animals from the Zoobotanical Park, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, were used and chemically restrained using a combination of ketamine and midazolam. Echocardiography recordings were obtained in B, M and Doppler modes, and strain and strain rate were measured using speckle tracking. Results: The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs, E wave, A'RV, MAM and TAPSE. HR showed a positive correlation with the E wave and A wave and a negative correlation with IVRT. FS presented a positive correlation with the E/A wave relationship (r = 0.61). TAPSE showed positive correlations with E'RV and A'RV. The values obtained for circumferential (-18.17 ± 4.68%), radial (47.13 ± 5.24%) and longitudinal (- 26.46 ± 5.15%) strain for the capuchin monkeys were within the normal ranges for males and females. Conclusion: The present study provides the first reference values for echocardiographic measurements in B, M and Doppler modes for capuchin monkeys anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam. The strain and strain rate values obtained using speckle tracking showed similarities with those obtained in humans, suggesting that this tool has the potential to be exploited in preclinical studies using the capuchin monkey model

Sedoanalgesia con midazolam-ketamina en el paciente crítico ventilado mecánicamente / Sedoanalgesia with midazolam-ketamine in the mechanically ventilated critically ill patient

La sedoanalgesia en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica artificial se recomienda para lograr una mejor satisfacción del paciente y prevenir complicaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la acción sedoanalgésica de la combinación de midazolam-morfina comparado con midazolam-ketamina en pacientes críticos tratados con ventilación mecánica artificial. Se realizó una búsqueda manual y digital en diferentes bases de datos como Scielo, IBECS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane y Wh, con los descriptores en inglés siguientes: sedation, midazolam-ketamine, midazolam-morfina AND mechanical ventilation AND crtical illness [MeSH Terms]. Se encontró un total de 60 artículos, todos realizados en seres humanos, 32 en los últimos 5 años, pero solo 16 a texto completo. De ellos, 7 eran revisiones sistemáticas sobre el tema y solo 4 ensayos clínicos. Ninguno utilizó la asociación midazolam-ketamina para la sedación. En la revisión realizada no se encontró ningún artículo que informara sobre las ventajas de la asociación midazolam-ketamina en la sedación del paciente crítico ventilado mecánicamente, lo que le confiere novedad a la investigación(AU)

The sedoanalgesia is recommended for patients under artificial mechanical ventilation in order to achieve better patient satisfaction and to prevent complications. The objective of this work was to carry out a literature review about the sedoanalgesic effect to the combination of midazolam-morphine compared with comidazolam-ketamine in critically ill patients treated with artificial mechanical ventilation. A manual and digital search was carried out in different databases such as Scielo, IBECS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Wh, using the following descriptors in English: sedation, midazolam-ketamine, midazolam-morphine, AND mechanical ventilation AND critical illness (MeSH terms). We found 60 articles, all of which reported human-related cases, 32 in the last 5 years, but only 16 at full text. Out of these, seven were systematic reviews about the subject and only four, clinical trials. We did not find any articles in the review that reported about the advantages of the association midazolam-ketamine in sedation of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients, a fact that confers novelty to the investigation.

Measurement of serum lactate values in domestic cats (Felis catus) submitted to physical and chemical restraint / Mensuração dos valores de lactato sérico em felinos domésticos (Felis catus) submetidos a contenção física e química

The use of serum lactate has become increasingly common in Veterinary Medicine, since it is an excellent marker of tissue oxygenation, elevated in situations of tissue hypoxia, where anaerobic glycolysis is used as an energy source. Studies point out its use in dogs as a prognostic factor in several affections; however it is not commonly used in domestic felines due to the high stress threshold of the species, which may interfere with their values. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum lactate values in domestic cats during physical restraint and after chemical restraint using the combination of 8mg/kg ketamine-S, 0.4 mg/kg midazolam, and 2 mg/kg Tramadol. To this end, 20 clinically healthy female cats without defined race, from six months to five years of age, were divided into two groups, GPR (n = 10) represented by felines that had only physical restraint and the GCR (n = 10) by felines that underwent physical restraint (TPR) and after 30 hours by chemical restraint (TCR). It was observed that in both groups (GPR and CPR) during physical restraint presented hyperlactatemia (GPR = 6.23 ± 0.9 mmol/L ­ GCR ­ Tpr = 6.66 ± 1.59 mmol/L) and mean values of 4.42 ± 1.28 mmol/L during chemical restraint (GCR ­ Tcr). It was concluded that physical restraint interferes with serum lactate values, with the reduction of such values with the use of chemical restraint in the feline species.(AU)

A utilização do lactato sérico é cada vez mais comum na Medicina Veterinária, por ser um excelente marcador de oxigenação tecidual, elevando-se em situações de hipóxia tecidual e realizando a glicólise anaeróbica como fonte de energia. Pesquisas científicas em cães o apontam como fator prognóstico em diversas afecções, sendo pouco utilizado em felinos domésticos devido ao elevado limiar de estresse da espécie, podendo interferir em seus valores. Assim, este trabalho avaliou os valores de lactato sérico em felinos domésticos durante contenção física e após contenção química, utilizando a associação de 8 mg/kg de cetamina-S, 0,4 mg/kg de midazolam e 2 mg/kg de cloridrato de tramadol. Foram estudados 20 felinos, fêmeas, sem raça definida, de seis meses a cinco anos de idade, clinicamente saudáveis, divididos em dois grupos, com GPR (n = 10) representado por felinos que passaram apenas por contenção física e com GCR por felinos que passaram por contenção física (TPR) e após 30 horas por contenção química (TCR). Foi observado em ambos os grupos (GPR e GCR) e durante a contenção física a hiperlactatemia sérica (GPR = 6.23 ± 0.9 mmol / L ­ GCR ­ TPR = 6.66 ± 1.59 mmol / L) com valores médios de 4,42 ± 1,28 mmol/L durante a contenção química (GCR ­ TCR). Conclui-se que a contenção física interfere nos valores do lactato sérico, com redução dos valores na utilização da contenção química na espécie felina.(AU)

Comparison of the effects of magnesium and ketamine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption. A double-blind randomized controlled clinical study

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of magnesium sulfate and ketamine on postoperative pain and total morphine consumption in a placebo-controlled design. METHODS: One hundred and twenty women scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Postoperatively, when the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) was four or more, IV-PCA morphine was applied to all patients. The patients were randomized into three groups: Group K ketamine, Group M magnesium, and Group C saline received as infusion. Total morphine consumption for 48h, pain scores, adverse effects, and patients' satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS: Total morphine consumption was significantly lower in Group K (32.6±9.2 mg) than in Group M (58.9±6.5 mg) and in Group C (65.7±8.2 mg). The satisfaction level of patients in Group K was higher than the other two groups (p<0.05). Pruritus and nausea were observed more frequently in Group C. CONCLUSİON: The addition of ketamine to IV-PCA morphine reduces the total consumption of morphine without psychotic effects; however, magnesium did not influence morphine consumption.

Moderate sedation helps improve future behavior in pediatric dental patients - a prospective study

Abstract There is little evidence on the long-term effects of pharmacological management in children undergoing dental treatment. This study aimed to assess children's behavior in consecutive dental sessions following oral rehabilitation using different pharmacological regimens for behavioral control. Participants were preschoolers who were previously treated for caries under one of the following: no sedative, oral sedation with midazolam, oral sedation with midazolam/ketamine, or general anesthesia. The children's behavior in the follow-up sessions was assessed using the Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale (OSUBRS); higher scores represented less cooperative behavior (range 5-20). Follow-up assessments were conducted on 50 children under four years old for up to 29 months. Data were analyzed by the Friedman/Wilcoxon tests and Cox regression model. OSUBRS mean (standard deviation) scores for the whole sample decreased from 11.9 (5.4) before treatment to 6.8 (3.2) at the final recall session (p < 0.001). Moderate sedation with midazolam (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.2-6.9) or midazolam/ketamine (OR 4.3, 95%CI 1.6-11.4) improved children's future behavior. The general anesthesia group (n = 4) had a small sample size and the results should be considered with caution. Although invasive dental treatment negatively affected the child's behavior in the dental chair, they became more cooperative over time. Moderately sedated children showed better prospective behavior than those in the non-sedation group.

Aspectos clínicos y tratamiento farmacológico del dolor neuropático / Clinical aspects and drug treatment of the neuropathic pain

El dolor neuropático surge como consecuencia directa de una lesión o enfermedad que afecta al sistema somatosensorial. En el niño existen numerosas causas de dolor neuropático: traumáticas, síndrome doloroso regional complejo tipo 1, enfermedades neurológicas y neuromusculares, infecciones crónicas, cáncer y causas genéticas. Su diagnóstico puede ser difícil en los niños. El tratamiento del dolor neuropático es un reto para los médicos que se dedican a su atención. Los medicamentos antidepresivos tricíclicos como la amitriptilina y la imipramina y los antiepilépticos, se emplean con frecuencia en el tratamiento del dolor neuropático en los niños. También se emplean el acetaminofén (paracetamol), medicamentos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y el tramadol. A todo niño y adolescente con sospecha de dolor neuropático se le debe realizar una evaluación clínica, que incluya una exhaustiva anamnesis y examen físico general, regional y por aparatos, con especial énfasis en el examen neurológico. Un examen neurológico normal no excluye la presencia de dolor neuropático.

Neuropathic pain occurs as direct result of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. The neuropathic pain in a child has a number of causes: traumas, complex regional pain syndrome type 1, neurological and neuromuscular diseases, chronic infections, cancer and genetic causes. Its diagnosis may be difficult in children, so the treatment is a challenge posed to physicians who specialized in the field. Tricyclic antidepressive drugs as amitryptiline and imipramine and antiepilepsy drugs are often used in the treatment of neuropathic pain in children. Acetaminophen (paracetamol), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and tramadol are also used. Every child and adolescent suspected of neuropathic pain should be clinically assessed including exhaustive anamnesis and general, regional physical examination and use of equipment, with special emphasis on the neurological examination. A normal neurological test does not exclude the presence of neuropathic pain.

Subarachnoid injection of ifenprodil and ketamine association improves the anti-hyperalgesic action of ketamine in dogs / Injeção subaracnoidea da associação ifenprodil e cetamina melhora a ação anti-hiperalgésica da cetamina em cães

To test clinically whether a small dose of ifenprodil can enhance the anti-hyperalgesic effect of ketamine in dogs, a prospective randomized cross-over study was done with eight mongrel dogs (weighing 16.9 ± 3.7kg). Animals received two distinct treatments: ketamine (0.3mg kg-1; KT) and an ifenprodil plus ketamine combination (0.03mg kg-1 and 0.3mg kg-1, respectively; IKT). Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (5mg kg-1 intravenously) and a subarachnoid needle was placed between the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrae. Five minutes after subarachnoid injection of KT or IKT, an incision including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues was made on the common pad of one hind limb and was immediately closed with a simple interrupted suture pattern. The dogs were treated again 20 days later, using the contralateral pad and the opposite treatment. Sedation score (SS), lameness score (LS), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), and mechanical nociceptive threshold using von Frey filaments, were evaluated before anesthesia and at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after subarachnoid injection. There were no differences in SS, LS, HR or fR between treatments. The intensity of hyperalgesia was higher in KT than in IKT for 24 hours. The anti-hyperalgesic effect of IKT remained without statistical significant difference between 1 and 24 h. Prior subarachnoid administration of ifenprodil enhances the anti-hyperalgesic effect of subarachnoid ketamine in dogs. Ifenprodil can be co-administrated with ketamine to enhance its anti-hyperalgesic effect and to reduce acute post-incisional hyperalgesia without motor impairment and sedation.

Com a finalidade de testar se uma dose baixa de ifenprodil pode melhorar a ação anti-hiperalgésica da cetamina em cães, um estudo randomizado prospectivo no formato cross-over foi realizado em oito cães sem raça definida (pesando 16,9±3.7kg). Os animais receberam dois tratamentos distintos: cetamina (0,3mg kg-1; KT) e a associação de ifenprodil com cetamina (0,03mg kg-1 e 0,3mg kg-1, respectivamente; IKT). Os cães foram anestesiados com propofol (5mg kg-1, via intravenosa), e uma agulha subaracnoidea foi introduzida entre a quinta e sexta vértebras lombares. Após cinco minutos da injeção subaracnoidea de KT ou IKT, uma incisão abrangendo os tecidos cutâneo e subcutâneo foi realizada no coxim plantar comum de um dos membros pélvicos e imediatamente fechada com um padrão de sutura simples e interrompido. Os cães foram novamente tratados após 20 dias, usando-se o coxim plantar contralateral e o outro tratamento. Os escores de sedação (SS) e claudicação (LS); as frequências cardíacas (HR) e respiratória (fR) e o limiar nociceptivo ao estímulo mecânico, utilizando os filamentos de von Frey, foram avaliados antes da anestesia e uma, uma e meia; duas; três; quatro; oito; 12 e 24 horas após a injeção subaracnoidea. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em SS, LS, HR ou na fR entre os tratamentos. A intensidade da hiperalgesia foi maior em KT que em IKT nas 24 horas. O efeito anti-hiperalgésico de IKT se manteve sem diferença significativa entre os tempos uma hora e 24 horas. A administração prévia de ifenprodil aumentou a ação anti-hiperalgésica da cetamina subaracnoidea em cães. O ifenprodil pode ser coadministrado com cetamina para aumentar seu efeito anti-hiperalgésico e reduzir a hiperlagesia aguda pós-incisional, sem alterações motoras e sedação.